However, a good deal of the cyber sleuthing involves economic matters, and is undertaken by states or their proxies to secure comparative economic advantage. Classified information is kept secret in the first place because its disclosure might harm national security, jeopardise the country's economic well-being or damage international relations. Some of the cyber activity is electronic surveillance for foreign intelligence purposes, mimics traditional spying, and services a range of what most of us would concede are legitimate national security objectives. Espionage focuses on gathering non-public information through covert means. But today, traditional state-sponsored surveillance and espionage have been transformed into high-tech and high-stakes enterprises. A private intelligence agency (PIA) is a private sector (non-governmental) or quasi-non-government organization devoted to the collection, analysis, and exploitation of information, through the evaluation of public sources (OSINT or Open Source INTelligence) and cooperation with other institutions. Of course, states conducted economic espionage before the Internet, but the availability of cyber exploitation rapidly and significantly expanded the activity. A pertinent subset is economic espionage, where a state attempts to acquire secrets held by foreign companies. Cyber espionage involves deliberate activities to penetrate computer systems or networks for obtaining information resident on or transiting through these systems or networks. Espionage and intelligence collection are part of the national security apparatus of every state.
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